Aids Too Big Of A Problem Essay - 1785 Words

AIDS: Too Big of a Problem Something that I have come to learn this semester in Core 7, between the books and lectures, is terrible the disease of AIDS is in Africa. The disease is taking over a million lives a year. The numbers are sickening to look at. The disease has become, undoubtedly, a huge problem in Africa. Is it possible to put a stop to this terrible disease that is killing Africans by the millions? AIDS is very prevalent throughout all of Africa. The presence of this epidemic is a massive problem that affects millions all throughout the entire continent. Former United States President, Bill Clinton, once said â€Å"We live in a completely interdependent world, which simply means we cannot escape each other. How we respond to AIDS depends, in part, on whether we understand this interdependence. It is not someone else s problem. This is everybody s problem†. It is known that AIDS are a problem, it is also know that they are a very big problem in Africa. The people of Africa, and truly people all around the world, need to realize how large of a problem AIDS are in Africa. The death numbers are astonishing and are something that we can help cut down on. Action needs to be taken in an attempt to prevent and also treat the epidemic that is AIDS. The continent of Africa, as a whole, makes up less than 20% of the entire planet’s population, but it makes up over 60% of the planet’s AIDS cases. So to make that a picture; think that there are 100 people in the world. OfShow MoreRelatedPoverty In The United States Has Been A Very Big Issue1433 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty in the United States has been a very big issue throughout its history. Poverty is both an economic condition and a social concept. Poverty in the United States first took place in the 19th century and till this day. Poverty was caused by people being selfish and not allowing everyone to have a chance on being successful. Poverty took a big hit from the Great Depression t o the Great Recession that led millions of people down. Since then the poverty rate has been going up and down, never keepingRead MoreGenghis Khan and Mongolia1565 Words   |  7 PagesAlso, Mongolians participates in many international organizations. Some of them are â€Å"UN – United Nations, their aim is to maintain international peace and security and to promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems†, â€Å" UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Their aim   is to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture.†, â€Å"SCO-Shanghai Cooperation Organization their aim is to combat terrorism, extremism, and separatism;Read MoreEssay on Cerebral Palsy1619 Words   |  7 Pagesinjury might be caused by an infection or by an accident in which the mother is hurt. If a mother has a medical problem such as high blood pressure or diabetes, this can also cause problems in the baby. There may be problems during birth such as the baby not getting enough oxygen, or a difficult delivery in which the babys brain is injured. Problems after birth may happen when a baby is born too soon (premature delivery) and his body is not ready to live outside his mothers womb. Even babies born atRead MoreSubstance Abuse First Became A Big Problem996 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Abuse Section A Substance abuse first became a big problem around the 1970’s throughout the 1980’s. America was discovering one drug after another to help manage their lives better (newsnarconon, 2009). Methaqualone was one of the first drugs that pharmacists were trying to use to take place of Barbiturate drugs (newsnarconon, 2009). The drug Methaqualone was first used to increase sexual activity, but later it was recognized that it did a great job at helping people sleep, which is whyRead MoreComparison of Rhetorical Effects777 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Terrifying Normalcy of AIDS† by Stephen Jay Gould Quote | Effect | How? | 1. The Terrifying Normalcy of AIDS (Title) | The effect of the oxymoron in the title is to present just how common AIDS has become in society. | The phrase â€Å"terrifying normalcy† is an oxymoron because something that is truly frightening can never be normal in society. The author uses this phrase in the title to allow the reader to know that AIDS is affecting way more people than we think. | 2. Page 754, â€Å"unblemishedRead MoreUnited States Foreign Assistance Policy850 Words   |  4 Pagesmilitary problems since the beginning of the 1900’s when World War I was going on. In most cases we are allies and see we a country in need. At this point we assess the situation and format a plan in order to help through USAID. This is a government agency that pairs with others in different countries to provide aid and promote democratic societies. Aid is now being given in large quantities to many countries just to keep them stable and with a decent military. Has the assistance gone too far likeRead MoreCarrying Capacity1042 Words   |  5 Pagesare ignorant. Humans use their imagination too much and their brain too little. Also, people don’t do anything to solve their problems because we think nothing could go wrong, we expect others do fix everything. That is where we’re wrong. Today lots of people are saying the world won’t reach a carrying capac ity, but I disagree. I think the world will reach its carrying capacity before 2100. This will happen for many reasons: Natural Disasters, Wars, too little resources, Diseases, and many othersRead MoreRural Life Of China And China1122 Words   |  5 Pagesgetting richer even though the government is supposedly looking for solutions to this problem. Rural life in China is inundated by high rates of poverty and low living standards such as health, education, and economic problems, all caused by the government’s encouragement of â€Å"rural-urban inequality.† Health problems such as diabetes and AIDS are lethal bullets in all of China’s rural villages. Diabetes is a problem that is piling up in rural China mainly because of the lack of awareness and growingRead MoreWelfare Of The United States998 Words   |  4 Pagesdepend on government assistance too much? Poverty has been an issue of great debate in America for centuries. Before the Social Security Act was passed, the United States government did not have a stable plan to help/aid the poor. It was the local governments’ responsibility to care for their disadvantaged. Many Americans believe only the poor receive welfare aid or benefits from the government, they are misguided, because even though welfare is a program who aids the poor it also helps most AmericasRead MoreAnalysis Of China s China Road 1602 Words   |  7 Pagesfell off of a luggage rack and landed on a child’s head. In America, this would have been a big deal. Most likely an ambulance would have b een called, a lawsuit would have been filed, and some sort of bus reform policy would be put into place. In China, nothing happened after this event. People on the bus made sure the child was okay but, after that, they returned to their normal business. Nobody made a big deal out of it, and nobody saw it as an opportunity to sue and make money. America is such

Qualitative Research in Nursing - 657 Words

Qualitative Research Introduction Some of the integral components of nursing practice are commitment and patience, understanding and trust, flexibility and openness. These, according to qualitative researchers, can be applied to qualitative approaches. Many qualitative studies have in the recent past found their way into medical and nursing press. This has helped in improving knowledge base on qualitative nursing researches (Brookes, 2007). This term paper seeks to establish ways in which findings of qualitative nursing research study influence the way care is provided in different work settings. The paper also undertakes to highlight the reasons behind researchers resolve to conduct qualitative rather than quantitative nursing research study. Ways in which the findings of a qualitative nursing research study can be used to influence the way care is provided in a given work setting Qualitative nursing research findings are very important in decision making process in a working set up and at the national level. Qualitative researches ability to analyze information conveyed through language and behavior in natural setting makes it ideal for capturing expressive information pertaining to beliefs, values, feelings and motivation. In the process one finds himself in a position to learn directly from the patients about what they consider important. This is very crucial in identifying variables that are important for future clinical studies (Berkwits Inui, 1998). AnShow MoreRelatedResearch and Qualitative Research in Nursing Essay1974 Words   |  8 PagesNursing research has been a part of nursing practice for many years, consisting of both qualitative and quantitative research; it is essential in guiding nursing practice. Many nurses have a baseline understanding of research in general, but it is important for the researcher to understand their own values and beliefs when determining the type of research they will be performing. By understanding the differences between epistemology, methodology, and methods, the researcher can confidently conductRead MoreEssay on Critiquing a Qualitative Nursing Research Article2354 Words   |  10 Pages The purpose of this paper is to critique a qualitative research article in all phases of the report. For this purpose, the article that will be used is â€Å"Lamentation and loss: expression of caring by contemporary surgical nurses† written by Carol Enns and David Gregory. This paper will address the problem statement, literature review, conceptual underpinnings and research questions, research design/method, ethical considerations, sampling, data collection, data analysis, confirmability of theRead MoreQualitative Research Review of the Use of Patient Simulators in Nursing Education1453 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology to teach clinical decision-making in nursing students thus Powell-Laney designed a study to ascertain whether the use of simulation technology in nursing education can increase the clinical decision making ability of nursing students (p. 6). Furthermore, Powell-Laney (2010) states that simulation technology is expensive and labor intensive thus adding to the need for current research to be done on the effectiveness of simulation technology in nursing education. Review of the Literature SimulationRead MoreImportance of Research in Nursing644 Words   |  3 PagesIn this assignment I will be writing about the importance of research in nursing considering history of nursing and the difference between how research is performed nowadays. I will also be defining different types of research such as quantitative and qualitative research and giving an example of a nursing based research study that was carried out and how it is important to nursing presently. Research is a form of systematic inquiry. It sets out to answer questions through assessing, summarizingRead MoreResearch on Nursing Program1146 Words   |  5 Pages DEFINITION: Research is a process in which the investigator actively determines the question to answer, creates a data collection and analysis plan as well as a plan to control for events (known as threats) that would influence the outcome(Burns and Grove,2005).Nursing research is a systematic enquiry that seeks to add new nursing knowledge to benefit patients, families and communities. Research based practice is arguably the hallmark of professional nursing and is essential for high quality clinicalRead MoreChanging a Qualitative Research Into a Quantitative Study1485 Words   |  6 PagesChanging a Qualitative research into a quantitative study Name: College: Summary of the Article Fry and her colleagues undertook a qualitative research to develop a moral distress model in military nursing. Using the same problem statement, literature analysis and background information, this paper aims at converting the qualitative study carried out by Fry and her colleagues into a quantitative study. The study entails setting different research questions and collecting data thatRead MoreEvidence Based Practice : Nursing Implications1399 Words   |  6 Pages Evidence Based Practice: Nursing Implications Misty DelCiampo Submitted to Sarah P. Combs PhD, MPH, RN in partial fulfillment of NR460 Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Regis University August 3rd, 2015 Evidence Based Practice Nursing Implications As the health care environment is becoming more complex, and technology is developing rapidly, the expectations of nurses has increased more than ever before. Times are rapidly changing and to keep up with these changes, nurses areRead MorePoor Documentation Of Care And Impact On Patient Outcome Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagesquantitative article includes: How would poor documentation of care have an impact on patient outcome? The exact clinical question used in the search for a qualitative article includes: Does establishing state standardized documentation protocols have an impact on hospitalized in-patients in acute settings? Problem The specific problem this research paper addresses is whether the establishment of state standardized documentation protocols can reduce poor documentation of care in hospitalized in-patientsRead MoreThe Principle Of Conducting Research990 Words   |  4 PagesThe principle of conducting research is sprouting and growing, which it has turned out to be a important skill in today’s modern world. A main importance of nursing is to deliver patients with high-quality and excellent service and care. It has concluded and established that lack of research in clinical practice is merely a practice without validation. Research is dynamic and a vital component used in appraising the efficiency and efficacy of modalities in nursing treatments and also to examiningRead MoreEssay on Research Critique Part 1659 Words   |  3 Pages Research Critique Part 1 Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Mary OConnell September 5, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 This paper will critique a qualitative research study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004, By Dr Helen Aveyard, about how nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures. The article explains how nurses view informed consent as not being essential to nursing care procedures. Problem Statement The clinical problem

Stanford Prison Experiment Free Essays

Thought Paper # 1 The Stanford Prison experiment was a study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or guard. It was conducted by Philip Zimbardo in the 1970’s. The experiment was basically conducted to explain how a person’s behavior changes when they are in a role of authority or vice versa. We will write a custom essay sample on Stanford Prison Experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now This experiment was only held for a week because it ended up getting too out of control for them to continue it. For this study, I think that at the time the benefit to society did outweigh the potential harm to participants. Yes, at the time setting I think it was okay to potentially harm people if the results could have a large impact or to provide some new information. I believe this because back in the 70’s they didn’t have much research ethics. I also believe that no person should sign up for something that they obviously cannot handle. First of all, I honestly would not sign up to take place in this experiment because I would not be able to go through what all those prisoners went through. I also, nonetheless would be able to be a prison guard treating the other â€Å"prisoners† in such a matter. If I were a prisoner in this study, I would definitely like to have the right to stop participating at any time. If they didn’t allow me to leave whenever I wanted to I wouldn’t be playing the part of a prisoner anymore, I would definitely be one at that point. I would also like to have the rights to clean water, warm food, and to be able to use an actual bathroom instead of having my bucket of pee in my cell. That would just be disgusting. I also would like the right to my blanket and pillow to sleep comfortably and to keep myself warm. So, I obviously wouldn’t be a good candidate for this experiment. If I were the experimenter, I believe I would have done the study. The reason I say this is how I stated before I would only allow people who would actually be able to go through the process of being treated bad/disrespected or the person treating others bad/disrespectful. I believe if things got to that point of how in the actual experiment would of happened, then yes I would have. The reason for this was because in the actual experiment it got out of control after the subjects entered too deeply into the roles they were assigned. The prisoners felt dehumanized and began to forget that they were not genuine prisoners, but only subjects in a psychological experiment. The guards became ever more sadistic, seeing the inmates more and more as the enemy instead of just fellow students. If the experiment wouldn’t have gotten so out of control as it actually did, then no. Of course I wouldn’t have because then I wouldn’t have to worry about anybody getting too physically or emotionally hurt, etc. Also, another thing I would have done differently is telling the parents or legal guardians everything that was going on instead of hiding it from them before any of the students would be considered to be in the experiment. Overall, I just wouldn’t want to be part of this experiment at all. Although I did enjoy watching the video and learning a lot about the Stanford Prison study. How to cite Stanford Prison Experiment, Essay examples

The Past is Prologue

Question: Summary Shakespeare once wrote that, "The past is prologue." But what does that mean? History is a constant influence on the present, giving us a guide to what is going on now and a context through which to view what is happening at any given moment. Find a current newspaper article on a current event in Africa, South America, or Asia.write a summary of the article and explain how it fits into a historical context. Answer: Currently, the biggest and most dangerous outbreak of disease took place in a number of countries in West Africa (Peters, 2012). There have been a significant number of deaths as a result of this epidemic and the news article that was published on the 24th February, 2015 by the Aljaeera focused on this issue. The article focused on the research conducted by the scientists from the entire world who are working faster to bring out the best treatment for this rare disease. Further the article states that the United Nations Ebola Mission is further insisting that the world should not panic over the issue as the number of cases has been dropping gradually. Later the article discusses on the origin of the Ebola virus and the statistics related to the number of people affected. With the help of this article this study tends to search for the historical elements that are relevant to the present day regarding the issue of Ebola. The history of West Africa depicts that in the historical times disease has been a major hindrance to the development in this area. Throughout history there were immense outbreaks of epidemics in this region in Africa. Before the rise of the slave trade most West African population gathered to achieve the ecological balance with the help of controlling vegetation and hence decreasing the level of local diseases (Fage, 1978). In the present day, scientists are using this information with regard to their ways of decreasing the outbreak of diseases in order to fight the present epidemic of Ebola. (America.aljazeera.com, 2015) References America.aljazeera.com, (2015).Ebola: By the numbers | Al Jazeera America. [online] Available at: https://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/techknow/articles/2015/2/24/ebola-by-the-numbers.html [Accessed 25 Feb. 2015]. Fage, J. (1978).A history of Africa. New York: Knopf. Peters, K. (2012). Youth, Wars and Violence in West Africa.History Compass, 10(12), pp.879-888.

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Three Day Food Intake Paper Essay Example

Three Day Food Intake Paper Essay Example Three Day Food Intake Paper Essay Three Day Food Intake Paper Essay The proper nutrition plays a major role in having good health. Without the proper nutrients the body cannot function proper and can open the body up to any number of disease like heart disease, some cancers, diabetes, obesity, anemia, and high blood pressure. During this three day intake this writer has learn about her eating habits and ways to improve them. Proteins The Daily Recommended Intake Report states this writer should be getting 102 o 356 grams of protein a day in her diet, but she is only getting 82 grams a day which is below the recommended range. This can be a problem if she does not get the recommended amounts her body needs. According, to the Office of Womens Health (2008). Women need protein to help break down food for energy and breaking down toxins in the body. She can increase the amount of protein she gets by eating more red meats, eggs, nuts, peanut butter, beans, lentils, milk, and soy products. Carbohydrates The Daily Recommended Intake Report states this person should be getting 58 to 661 grams of carbohydrates a day in her diet. She is only getting 308 grams which is well below the The recommended amount for her body. Carbohydrates provides energy the cells in her brain, nervous system, and blood. It also, supplies her muscles while she exercise. Without carbohydrates her body will not have the energy it needs to proform properly. She can increase the carbohydrates she needs by eating more complex carbs like- salads and pastas. Also, staying away from the simple carbs like sugar. Lipids and Fiber The Daily Recommended Intake Report states this person should be getting less than 30 grams of fat in her diet a day. She is now getting 41. 3 grams of fat in a day. The American Heart Association (2013) recommends that a person should not eat more that 25 to 35 % of fat in their diet a day and of this amount no more than 7 percent of it should be saturated fats. This writer can reduce she total daily intake ot tats by consuming more t that are low in saturated tats. Also, she can cook her foods with oils like corn oil, canola oil, and olive oil. We needed some fats in our diet to help provide a source of energy. It is also, used by the body to absorb certain vitamins from food we eat. This writer should be getting 25 grams of fiber a day in her diet (K. Zelman, 2011). Right now she is only getting 12 grams which is only 48. 2 % of the daily recommended amount. By not having the right amount of fiber in her diet can lead to constipation, higher LDL levels, and high blood sugar levels. In turn this can lead to colon cancer and diabetes. She can reduce her hances of these diseases by eating more dark green leafy vegetables, corn, nuts, whole wheat products, beans, and fruits. Dietary Modifications This writer has identify many patterns in her diet that need to be change in order to lose the extra weight that has put her at risk. She needs to eat more regularly and the right types of foods for her nutritional needs. She needs to get moving more and not Just sit around the house doing nothing. She needs to add more fruits, vegetables, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water to her diet. She needs to stay away from the simple carbs and go for the more complex carbs that will help to give her the fuel that her body needs. According to Mary Fetzer (2012), Fiber helps to keep you feeling full and satisfied and more in control of your appetite and weight. This writer can help herself to achieve her goal of a healthy weight and body by making some modifications to her diet and life style. By eating more of the foods that help her to get all the vitamins, minerals, and water that her body need she can help herself to prevent heart disease, some cancers, diabetes , high lood pressure, kidney disease, high cholesterol (especially the levels of LDL the bad cholesterol). If she follow her plan to change her eating habits she can change her health for the better. References American Heart Association. (May 1, 2013). Know Your Fats. Retrieved from http:// American Heart Association. org Fetzer, M. (April 14, 2012). What is fiber and how does it work? Retrieved from http://She Knows. com Office of Womens health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2008, June 17). Womenshealth. gov. Retrieved from http://Womenshealth. gov

Auditing of Havelock Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing of Havelock Company - Research Paper Example The company might be interested in recording such expenses in administrative costs of the company rather than inventory. This will help Havelock achieve the increase in loss and thus claiming tax refunds. Havelock might not be interested in paying taxes to improve its cash flows. Havelock operates in a dynamic industry, which comprises of retail customers as well (Havelock Europa, 2012d). The choices and demands from the customers change very often which may lead to a decline in NRV of the inventory. There is a risk that Havelock may ignore to lower down its inventory valuation to NRV. Though the current ratio of Havelock is 1.4, it is facing liquidity pressures. Payments to the suppliers have also been delayed. The average period of payment to the vendor is 52 days as compared to 36 in 2011 (Havelock Europa, 2012b). The company is under pressure to meet the tough deadlines of the financers on a quarterly basis. In case, it does not pay the interest and principal due, the bank would be entitled to the whole of the principal repayment on an immediate basis (Havelock Europa, 2012e). Due to such pressures, the company has not announced any dividend payments. Amounts on charities have also decreased from  £ 900,000 in 2012 as compared to  £2,443,000 in 2011 (Havelock Europa, 2012b). The company has resorted to additional overdraft facilities in order to meet its liquidity requirements. More credit facilities have been opted for by Havelock (Havelock Europa, 2012d). The fact that the company will increase its production is still remote. It has just entered into an agreement with HP financers to purchase a new plant, which will increase its production by 50% (Havelock Europa, 2012a).  

Listening Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Listening Interview - Essay Example I learnt that J.P has been in the business for quite a long time and I felt he was the right person to interview since I believe he has more than enough experience (Kumar 2007). I am interested in this business because it involves games and since I love games, I believe if I can venture in it, I will be able to generate some income for myself and at the same time have fun as my main aim is to know how I can enjoy myself while I do the business. I wanted J.P to give me with full details on all the tricks of successfully making it in the business since it is a business, I have always dreamt of. After the interview with J.P, I learnt so many things that are needed to be able to make it in the games business industry. I learnt that in this business involving games stores, there are varieties of games types and most of them vary in terms of demand. I learnt from him that the business is different currently from that practiced back in the years because, today in business, the most important thing a person needs is enough space. J.P says so much space has since been taken over by other games. I also learnt that when there was a serious global crisis this business was not left out either, and because of the way J.P had mixed products in his stores he was able to survive the crisis somehow, and this has taught me that I should not ignore anything that I know has something to do with games. This means I should include all the items that are meant for sports even if they are dormant as they save situations once in a while. J.P made me know that if I want a successful business, I will have to be unique and different. When other stores are selling what they believe to be new and in high demand, I should have some items but mix them with the original ones including those that may be thought by people as dead products. I learnt that I would need to make an effort to have just everything in the store and have it as a one-stop store where a client is able to

World war 2 in Europe Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World war 2 in Europe - Annotated Bibliography Example The countries that suffered during the First World War namely Austria and Germany wanted to level the scores with their arch rivals (Dowswell). The reasons of world war two can be investigated in terms of the economic aspects, and the political aspects. The nations that were defeated in the First war of the Century were growing tired of the indemnities while others felt the jolts of Great depression that had originated from the United States. This resulted in sense of uneasiness and discomfort amongst the nations (Gordon). The war was being fought amongst the Allies and Axis. The Axis constituted the Germany, Japan and Italy. These three forces were enjoying considerable strength and power and aimed at oppressing the others. While the Allies on other front had a larger bench than the Axis and the main players in the league included United Kingdom, The former Soviet Union ( modern day Russia), France and the United States who tried to keep itself neutral, though it was pushed into it due to the grave nature of the entire war(Dickson). An important proceeding on this behalf was the internal build up of German nation in form of Adolf Hitler and his affiliated part Nazi that came into power in the third decade of 20th century (McDonough). Along with few other policies, the prime policy included revenge on behalf of the German nation that was brought upon them in the First World War. The war and ambitions were based more on unethical grounds and were strongly repugnant to the morality. His motto was the elimination of the Jews from the surface of Earth and considered the German nation to be superior to others. The handicapped and the Trans genders were direct victims of this mass concept of elimination (Aronson). Italian head Mussolini joined hands with Hitler in bid to strengthen his nation and economy in form of invasion and unrest in other parts of the world. Though the war officially started with Invasion of Poland, yet certain small incidents and events

The Identified Strategic Challenges Facing The Lego Company Marketing Essay

The Identified Strategic Challenges Facing The Lego Company Marketing Essay The identified strategic challenges facing the Lego Company is the pursuit to creating innovative product lines that instills interests of the companys brand. With more visual graphics toys that perform technology advanced entertainment, the Lego Group must reinvent original concept that is current to interests of the targeted demographic. In addition, the other challenge is balancing act managing pricing matrix due to the economy woes that occurs at leave every 4-5 years that impact purchases. Therefore, the Lego Company strategic planning is critical to apply appropriate applications that will sustain the status quo of sales but with a determinate 20%-45% of increase sales. The brand identity is critical to this assessment to reaching the targeted measure for a successful return in investment. The stated opportunities are the beneficial aspects to building the dedicated customers to a new revamping of the product line specifically geared towards each age group. The Lego Company was founded tradition and that is why in 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen, in which, the company has passed from father to son and is now owned by Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen, a grandchild of the founder. In the past almost 80 years from a small carpenters workshop to a modern, global enterprise that the company is now, the Lego Company is the worlds 50th largest manufacturer of toys. Key recommendations The recommended strategic approaches to take advantage of the opportunities for further increasing the brand identity and brand equity is in the creation of the value for customers. In doing so, the customer will demonstrate loyalty and producing sales channels. The refocusing of the value that the Lego Company implements provides for a set target to identifying creative aspects of the current and new product line. Benefits and advantages of the recommendations The Lego Company benefits and advantages of the recommendations of implementing value by imposing advanced safety, creativity, and innovation as well as customer services to the product line produces brand equity. The Lego Company strategy for the period to 2010 is its core focuses on creating value that promotes the brand identity that produces quality products. In each new product design and concept the mission to infuse value systematic concerns supports the recommendations. The increasingly refine and improve product range strategically enable its new products to compete, for example, with the many electronic products on the target market. Aims to convince MD to read main report. The targeted aims to influential the demographic market is in the strategy that underlines the continued importance of focusing on profitability within the organization. Conversely, the situation facing all toy manufacturers at present is that they are tailored to focus from many quarters, such as, by consumers, customers and competitors. The Lego Company aim is to meet this challenge with a determination to unite and bind consumers, fans and retailers for an increasing the interests to the organization. The current challenges of todays toy products to attract and sustain customers with technology advanced precut, the Lego Company product line is the key attribute to present innovation. With over 79 years of toy business experience, the organization has the means to innovate the Lego bricks, PC Games, and Lego Land to heighten the demographic interest. Introduction The founding of the company since 1932, the strategic opportunities are the building of the LEGO brand that is more than simply our familiar logo brand but a new concept to transform technology product line. The targeted demographic needs for new interesting and innovate products that has a learning angle within its concept provides an exceptional opportunity. Therefore, the new branding of the companys products can provide a more strategic operational excellence for a dominate presences within the targeted market demographic. The refocus on the value will offer consumers a new vision for identifying Lego as the company to trust to demonstrate a safe purchase price and durability in the product line. The increase operational excellence is another strategic benefit and advantage for a profound measure to showcasing the Lego Company with the customer base. The products and services, and the accountability that is the LEGO Company brand identity is portrayed around the world that produces higher brand equity. In doing so, the benefits and advantages are more positive the brand will acts as a guarantee of quality and originality that shall achieve the mission by constantly focusing on a consistent strong brand. Main Body The Lego Companys strategy shared vision with the mission of the organizations presents the tangible strategy that is creating the required value for our customers to increasing the sales channels. In doing so, the pursuit for the building the brand identity leading to increasing brand equity is met to sustaining the manufacture known for producing the Toy of the Century. The marketing angle is the aim to making the foundation for a traditional interlocking principle for offering unlimited brand identity possibilities to emerge as the leader in manufacturing toys (Legos.com, 2009). The LEGO Company goal is to provide an improvement of issues that concern the product to create value for the child, parents, the retail shops, vendors, and society in general. The Environment SWOT/TOWS The strength identified is in the established brand identity with LEGO entails longetivity to foster a sense of trust of the product. The strength aspects present a vast measure of imprinting the feature of durability along with longevity with the product line. The Lego Company objectives feature a concept that reaches a wider demographic from age 1-6 and determines to expand this range (Ingram, Laforge, 2006, pp. 22). Therefore, the weaknesses identified are the needed ability to create innovated products such as the PC Games and Lego Land as well as reinventing the legendary Lego bricks to a new height. The lack there of will create a lesser share of the targeted audience compared to competitors. Respectively, the opportunity presents a means for creative toy manufactures to bring in key concepts to from remember able products that are long lasting for improving the brand equity standing. The threat is in the competitors; Coko, Tyco, and Mega Blocks, that are more apt towards pricing and innovated accountability that masters in the area of visual conceptual presentations. The competitors objective is to foster a new way of toy manufacturing that prides itself on a technical visual environment. In doing so, the Lego bricks are the foundation to counteract the threat of not creating innovated product lines, at least every other year. The opportunity is then presented to revolutionary the means for marketing the product that is the leading toy of choice. The weakness is then moved to a lesser degree because of the strategic marketing means for a desired results leading to strength for the Lego Company. The strength is presented for advancing the vision of the company to present value with innovation that is imperative. Strategic Capability The capacity to applying the strategic applications is to reaching the companys goals for leading sales 2-to-1 compared to competitors. The implementation of the company is through the means that perform its best to make a positive impact on areas such as working environment, environment that encourages innovation in the Research Development departments. In doing so, the marketing concept is reached with a directive to illustrate a primary aim to supply good, and healthy play product aspects (Savory, Butterfiled, 1998, pp.88). The strategic context to presenting the companys brand for having fun is the central concept within the marketing initiatives for reaching the desired results to the targeted demographic. The marketing initiatives are targeting the age groups of 1-6 as well as to 7-9 years old present an interesting concept to increasing the brand equity over the next 5 years. Business Idea The profound business idea is reinventing the original Lego bricks to an improved product line that advances the learning and playing experience that is remember for target group of age 7-9 demographics. The concept presents the business idea that builds on the foundation to foster a technology concept to drawing in the preference for Lego products rather than the competitors. The strategic move is a cost-effective approach that limits most marketing markets to a television and print ads combination. In doing so, the business idea is mastered perfectly to demonstrate a wiliness to compete with Nintendo and WII products more proactively. The concept is to reinvent the product line more geared to highlighting known entertainment in the demographic. Recommendations The recommendation is the investment of resources into the product line of Lego bricks, PC Games, and Lego Land that transform into a technology advanced ability and associated with current child entertainment venues. The similarities to Monopoly Games associating with Barbie, Sports, and now Disney version so Lego Company must consider branching out into similar avenues. The focused effort on the development to not only continues influencing kindergarten toddlers and schoolchildren but is to sincerely tap into the young teenagers to young-at-heart adults demographic. In doing so, the fascination of sports and cars are imperative to delivering the designed models for a creative Lego bricks that be performed on your computer by visiting the LEGO Factory website. In this retrospect, the recommendation is honing onto the strength identified for the Lego Company can build on the brand identity and brand equity. Conclusions In the pursuit for establishing a target market increase by 20% with the targeted age demographic of 7-9 as well as 10-14 for sales to improving an overall measure of global performance. The leading of plastic parts to create a new dimension of reality provides the opportunity to recreating a fascinating concept that improves the brand identity. The measure provides the brand equity to increase matching the sales projections for the next 5years due to manufacturing quality products. In doing so, the value target matrix is met accordingly to fulfill the strategic management planning goals with innovated products. The focus on mirroring the same concept as Monopoly Games strategy of paring up with popular entertainment venues and activities provides the Lego Company the same opportunity. Therefore, the targeted demographics are more likely to reinforce the primary vision of the organization as being the The Toy Manufactory in the current and next century by adapting to the times. Appendices Lego Company Weight Rating Weighted Score Products Weighted Comments Strengths Color 0.15 5 0.75 Bricks The variety of fresh ideas concept Shape 0.05 4 0.2 Land Always distinguish style Features 0.1 4 0.4 Theme Variety of features in the market Sizes 0.05 4 0.15 Bricks Measure component Diversity 0.15 3 0.45 Accessory Long lasting on adapting Weaknesses Acceleration Performance 0.05 2 0.1 Production Need to improve Limited in flexibility 0.05 2 0.1 Adaptability Not clear on concept in some markets Interior Design 0.2 2 0.4 Design No variety in standard 0.80 2.55 Table A. Table B. The reflection of the organization presents how the usage of invested resources to provide the innovated product line is critical to the success of Lego Company. The competitors strategy identifies to the mission for effective pricing to counteract the powerhouse of Lego Company. Therefore, the analysis presents the opportunity for the Lego Company to demonstrate a more diversified pricing matrix with the incorporation of value and quality. In doing so, the fundamentals of the recommendation to reinvent the product line of the Lego bricks, PC Games, and Lego land can be achieve successfully. The core vision of Lego Company is to provide an exceptional product in the international market place by proceeding to the next phase of developing an effective business initiatives outlining innovation. The recent analysis of the strengths and weakness of Lego Company focusing on the global market provided insight into the overall benefit for moving forward to rebranding the product line. The marketing strategy for a global integration is to accomplishing corporate initiative that outlines the profitability margin in effectiveness of the product brand (Armstrong Kotler, 2007, pp.11). The analysis on the weakness of Lego Company presented a concern with a proposed consensus on the needed invested resources capital to meet phases of implementation for a planned strategy, in order, to enter new technology products in the market. Therefore, the counteract impact of the Lego Company provides a vitality of the product that has been proven years pages record sales with PC Games. The entry proved from 1990s to current year a strong brand name in the current market for further research and development. Therefore, the need to receive approval from strategic for developing a business initiatives present the effectiveness of the product will remove concerns on initial estimation of capital required. The implementation of formulating the business plan will provide the usual focuses of the mission, purpose, management staff but as well as details on the three core strategic approaches. The three strategic areas are positioning, segmentation, and branding to infuse Lego Company in its initial launching efforts to secure a prestigious footing in the global market place. The positioning will provide the previous research on where the best location for the entry into the international market that will target the core children, school-aged, and teens consumer audience. The marketing positioning will play in sync with the segmentation marketing strategy, in order, to solidify the core vision of the parent company. In doing so, the focus is set to be of offering and providing an exceptional product that can be adapted to any specific international culture environment (Wild, Wild, and Han, 2006, pp. 45). Furthermore, the Lego Companys branding strategy will be highlighted in the business plan to outline the psychological theory that would be in play to capture the awareness of the product and brand identity. Moreover, the focused attention will be on the apathy theory as well as a child, the parent, and the vendors psychological theory concept to deliver the impact of a new awareness to the product and its profound capabilities (Best, 2006, pp. 28). The entrance into the international market must have the means to effectively construct the vision of Lego Company for the short-to-long term goal; hence, a concise effort to instill a communication model has already been established. The marketing strategy for Lego Company already established communication model outlines the short-term goal to the global market with the implementation of strategies within twelve months. The long-term goal measuring will take place in the ninth to twelfth month to secure a footing for long-term efforts that synergize the companys marketability. The long-term goal is to roll-out 3 upgraded version of the product line associated with Disney, Sports, and Learning Visuals within the next 1 to 4 years. The additional long-term goal is to recoup the initial capital investment required at the start of launching globally and to start marking a profit by year 2. The time for Lego Corporation to enter the global market is right now with any delay due to the ramifications can result in losing a hefty share in the consumer market. The outcome can presents a more dramatic entry into the market due to the brand identity established. The research study presents the investigation of the correlation between various marketing strategies on successfully popular products that are online gaming features for the worldwide web (George, Jones, pp. 18). The identification of the product marketing strategy bringing traffic to the brand identity for equity advancement creates an effective measure to tapping in to the targeted demographic. The built by a website designer to increase the popularity in the search engine, hence a review of the three main search engines specifications to avoid rejection in the ranking level. The marketing methodology approach seems to display how the creative features of original product can improve by strategies focusing on current trends (Gobe, 2001, pp. 12). The mission of the organization to focus on a refine associated with the products as well as the PC gaming web technology aspect accomplishes in the desired outcome marketing strategy. The popularity of the Lego Company creativity and durability proves to being the established foundation to meeting the targeted demographic needs for innovation and interest. Respectively, the mission for a value concept incorporated into the strategy provides for a strong effort to compete with manufactory to increase the share in the market.

The Struggle for Acceptance in The Cider House Rules Essay -- Cider Ho

The Struggle for Acceptance in The Cider House Rules         In The Cider House Rules, John Irving brings the orphan Homer Wells to vivid life in a rather unusual way.   Homer’s life and existence are part of a large symbolic link to the actual book itself.   Homer’s life as an orphan struggling for acceptance and to â€Å"Be of Use† is shadowed by The Cider House Rules struggle for acceptance in the mass literary market and its need to purvey its views on abortion.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After writing his first few books, Irving was left disappointed that although the literary critics embraced them, for the general masses his books fell on deaf ears.   (Hill 250) Unfortunately it is the general case that the masses and the elite are not in agreement on what is worth reading.   With this in mind, Irving set out writing The Cider House Rules with the intent of reaching not only the critics but the general populace as well.   Similarly, Homer starts life accepted only within the narrow confines of the orphanage he has grown up in.   His first several attempts have ended with failure, leaving Homer only the comfort of familiar arms.   When Homer sets out several years later, with the maturity of one who has stared life’s failures and unwanted, he hits the world head on and starts to make gradual steps toward full acceptance.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If asked, Irving will flatly deny that he had any ulterior motives in the creation of The Cider House Rules.   He will claim that the thought of abortion did not even enter the picture until he was well into the process. (Twayne’s 12)   However, like Homer, this book was purposefully designed with abortion on the mind of the nurturer.  Ã‚   Homer’s Dr Larch is a man who feels morally obliged to ... ...cs of storytelling in John Irving's 'The Cider House Rules.'." Style 15 July 1998. 1 Apr. 2003 <http://findarticles.com>. DeMott, Benjamin. "Guilt and Compassion." New York Times Book Review 26 May 1985: : I25.   Dickens, Charles. David Copperfield. N.p.: n.p., 1849.   Hill, Jane B. "John Irving's Aesthetics of Accessibility: Setting Free the Novel." The South Carolina Review 16 (1983): 38-44.   Irving, John . The World According to Garp. New York: Ballantine Books, 1982.   Lewis, Roger. "Larger than Life." New Statesman 109 (1985) McFadden, Maria. "The Cider House Rules - Not!" Human Life Review 2000. 13 Apr. 2003 <http://www.cinemagap.com>. The Cider House Rules. New York: Ballantine Books, 1985.   Weinkopf, Chris. "The Cider House Rots." Human Life Review 2000. 13 Apr. 2003 <http://www.cinemagap.com/>.

National and Global Finance Essay

1. Choose an example of a type of new company you could start, and then use this company idea to answer the questions below. You might choose a pet store, a restaurant, a tutoring business, or something else. This can be the same type of company you chose in assignment 8 or 9, or it can be different. a. Describe the type of business you chose. (1-2 sentences. 0.5 points) The type of business I would start would be for family or friends gatherings. This business would be place people come to eat and social, a nice, warm evening. b. Describe at least two ways in which the local, state, or federal government would have an impact on your business. (2-4 sentences. 1.0 points) Whether business owners know it or not, but the government create laws and regulation to protect the business. Two ways the government would have an impact on my business is by setting a price ceiling and price floor. These both determines whether or not my items it too high or low for its’ good. 2. Describe at least one advantage and one disadvantage of price ceilings and price floors. Do you think price ceilings and floors are more helpful or more harmful to consumers and the economy? Explain. (2-4 sentences. 1.0 points) Price controls are the government intervention in free markets. In the case of agriculture without price floors mass starvation could occur as there is often a 2 to 10 year turn around on agricultural investment. Price ceilings on certain food products may also ease starvation. Remember that perfect free markets have never existed except in theory. 3. Describe at least two negative outcomes of having too little money and credit in the economy. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) It would cause scarcity or currency, leading to rapid deflation, and also, overproduction of goods means major markets would plummet in value. Overbalancing demand, leading to major losses for the producers. 4. Describe at least two negative outcomes of having too much money and credit in the economy. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) It would cause a sacracity of currency, leading to rapid deflation. Overproduction of goods means major markets would plummet in value, outbalancing demand, leading to major losses for the producers. 5. Which Fed tool do you think is most important, and  why? (2-4 sentences. 1.0 points) Change the Federal Funds Rate via â€Å"Open Market Transactions† (buying and selling gov’t bonds on the open market). By far the most commonly used tool. Whenever you read about the Fed â€Å"changing the interest rate† they are referring to open market transactions & the Federal Funds Rate. Since they cannot set the rate directly, but do it indirectly by buying and selling bonds on the open market, they usually refer to the desired interest rate as the â€Å"target† rate. 6. Choose one of the following government agencies or laws: FTC, EPA, FDA, CPSC, OSHA, FLSA, EEOC, ADA, SEC, or Affirmative Action. Search online to learn more about the agency or law, and then describe three specific things the law or agency accomplishes. Make sure the information comes from a trustworthy website. Include a link to the website in your answer. (3-6 sentences. 1.5 points) The EPA or Environmental Protection Agency seeks to protect ordinary citizens from the devastation and destruction that may occur when people/companies are not held accountable for their actions environmentally. In most cases this agency has been very effective and is used as a model all over the world to protect streams, rivers, air and people. 7. Describe at least two products that are commonly imported into the United States. (1-2 sentences. 0.5 points) Coffee (Brazil and Columbia) and Cotton T-shirts (Mexico, Honduras among a lot of others) 8. Describe at least two products that are commonly exported from the United States to other countries. (1-2 sentences. 0.5 points) Two of the largest American exports are â€Å"Oil seed† and â€Å"Machines, engines, pumps†, both to China for a combined total of 27.2 billion USD. 9. Why does the U.S. government encourage U.S. companies to sell their products in other countries? Explain how this helps the U.S. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) The U.S. government encourages the U.S. companies to sell their products in other countries because other countries may offer better opportunities for growth. 10. Find the value of one U.S. dollar in a foreign currency. You might choose the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Canadian dollar, or another currency. List the type of currency and the current value of the U.S. dollar in that country. (1.0 points) TIP: http://www.google.com/finance/converter is a good resource for foreign currency information. US 1 dollar = Jordanian 75cents 11. Describe at least three exchange rate factors that are likely to attract  foreign investors to a country’s currency. Explain why these factors are attractive for foreign investors. (3-6 sentences. 3.0 points) Overview Before we look at these forces, we should sketch out how exchange rate movements affect a nation’s trading relationships with other nations. A higher currency makes a country’s exports more expensive and imports cheaper in foreign markets; a lower currency makes a country’s exports cheaper and its imports more expensive in foreign markets. A higher exchange rate can be expected to lower the country’s balance of trade, while a lower exchange rate would increase it. Determinants of Exchange Rates Numerous factors determine exchange rates, and all are related to the trading relationship between two countries. Remember, exchange rates are relative, and are expressed as a comparison of the currencies of two countries. The following are some of the principal determinants of the exchange rate between two countries. Note that these factors are in no particular order; like many aspects of economics, the relative importance of these factors is subject to much debate. Conclusion The exchange rate of the currency in which a portfolio holds the bulk of its investments determines that portfolio’s real return. A declining exchange rate obviously decreases the purchasing power of income and capital gains derived from any returns. Moreover, the exchange rate influences other income factors such as interest rates, inflation and even capital gains from domestic securities. While exchange rates are determined by numerous complex factors that often leave even the most experienced economists flummoxed, investors should still have some understanding of how currency values and exchange rates play an important role in the rate of return on their investments.

How Has Technologhy Changed the Way Students Learn essays

How Has Technologhy Changed the Way Students Learn essays About 30 years ago, nobody had a personal computer. If you were to hand in schoolwork, you would have to hand write it or if you couldn't afford it, type it on a typewriter. Researching was painful because you would have to go to a library and try to find the right book. Or you would have to look into an encyclopaedia, which could quite possibly be out of date. So therefore you work could be incorrect. Computers have come a long way since the pen and paper and typewriters. Nowadays we use them for all sorts of educational needs. We are able to type our work up nice a neatly, so it is presented well. We use it for research, and now we are able to use it for oral presentations, by using a PowerPoint display on a light-pro projector. This replaces the old and boring charts or overhead projectors or slides and of course the really boring "stand up for 3 minute speech." All of this has changed our education and made it more interesting and fun, but not too fun. Although there are few problems that have affected students. Some of us students have become too independent on computer. Such as grammar and hand writing . These basic skills are lost because computers automatically do these things for us. It also doesnt come at a cheap price. The average personal home computer costs around $1500 to $5000. Which is a lot of money but is well worth it. Computer technology and CD-ROMs have revolutionised the way that students research, learn and present their work. In the earlier years of this technical revolution, one single CD-ROM replaced shelves of encyclopaedias. Thus giving much easier research a effectiveness. The financial aspect is good because a library of encyclopaedias costs hundreds of dollars just for one set. The information in it would be out of date in afew years. Whereas an encyclopaedia CD-ROM would cost you only a fraction of the cost of a set of encyc ...

William Turner, English Romantic Landscape Painter

William Turner, English Romantic Landscape Painter William Turner (April 23, 1775 - December 19, 1851) is known for his expressive, romantic landscape paintings that often show the power of nature over man. His work had a significant impact on the later impressionist movement. Fast Facts: William Turner Full Name: Joseph Mallord William TurnerAlso Known As: J.M.W. TurnerOccupation: PainterBorn: April 23, 1775 in London, EnglandDied: December 19, 1851 in Chelsea, EnglandChildren: Evalina Dupois and Georgiana ThompsonSelected Works: Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps (1812), The Burning of the Houses of Parliament (1834), Rain, Steam and Speed - the Great Western Railway (1844)Notable Quote: My business is to paint what I see, not what I know is there. Child Prodigy Born into a modest family, the son of a barber and wigmaker and his wife who came from a family of butchers, William Turner was a child prodigy. At age ten, relatives sent him to live with an uncle along the banks of the Thames River due to his mothers mental instability. There, he attended school and began creating drawings that his father exhibited and sold for a few shillings apiece. Much of Turners earliest work was studies he executed for architects such as Thomas Hardwick, designer of a series of London churches, and James Wyatt, creator of the Pantheon in Oxford Street, London. At age 14, Turner began his studies at the Royal Academy of Art. His first watercolor, A View of the Archbishops Palace, Lambeth appeared in the Royal Academys summer exhibition of 1790 when Turner was only 15. One of his first paintings to signal what was to come later in depictions of threatening weather was The Rising Squall - Hot Wells from St. Vincents Rock Bristol in 1793. Self-Portrait (1799). Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images The young William Turner began a pattern of traveling through England and Wales in the summer and painting in the winter. He exhibited his first oil painting, Fisherman at Sea, at the Royal Academy in 1796. It was a moonlit scene quite popular at the time. Early Career At age 24, in 1799, colleagues elected William Turner to be an associate of the Royal Academy of Art. He was already financially successful through sales of his work and moved to a more spacious home in London that he shared with the marine painter J.T. Serres. In 1804, Turner opened his own gallery to show his work. Turners traveling also expanded during the period. In 1802, he traveled to the European continent and visited France and Switzerland. One product of the trip was the painting Calais Pier with French Poissards Preparing for Sea finished in 1803. It featured stormy seas that soon became a trademark of Turners most memorable work. Calais Pier with French Poissards Preparing for Sea (1803). Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images One of Turners favorite travel destinations within England was Otley, Yorkshire. When he painted the epic Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps in 1812, the stormy skies surrounding the army of Hannibal, Romes greatest enemy, were reportedly influenced by a storm Turner observed while staying in Otley. The dramatic depiction of light and atmospheric effects in the painting influenced future impressionists, including Claude Monet and Camille Pissarro. Mature Period The Napoleonic Wars that raged in the European continent disrupted Turners travel plans. However, when they ended in 1815, he was able to travel to the continent once again. In the summer of 1819, he visited Italy for the first time and stopped in Rome, Naples, Florence, and Venice. One of the key works inspired by these travels was a depiction of The Grand Canal, Venice, which included a more expansive color range. Turner also had an interest in poetry and the works of Sir Walter Scott, Lord Byron, and John Milton. When he exhibited the 1840 piece Slave Ship at the Royal Academy, he included excerpts of his poetry with the painting. In 1834, a fiery inferno engulfed the British Houses of Parliament and burnt for hours while London residents watched in horror. Turner made sketches, watercolors and oil paintings of the terrible event viewing it from the banks of the Thames River. The blend of colors magnificently depicts the light and heat of the blaze. Turners rendering of the awesome power of the fire matched his interest in the overwhelming forces of nature facing the relative weakness of man. The Burning of the Houses of Parliament (1834). Heritage Images / Getty Images Later Life and Work As Turner advanced in age, he became more and more eccentric. He had few close confidants other than his father, who lived with him for 30 years and worked as a studio assistant. Following his fathers death in 1829, Turner battled with severe depression. Although he was never married, historians believe he was the father of two daughters, Evalina Dupois and Georgiana Thompson. Following the death of Sophia Booths second husband, Turner lived for nearly 20 years as Mr. Booth at her home in Chelsea. Late in his career, Turners paintings focused more and more on the impact of color and light. Often the key elements of the picture are rendered in hazy outlines with most of the painting taken up by large sections that depict mood instead of the actual form. The painting Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway from 1844 is an excellent example of this style. The most detailed element of the work is the smokestack of the train, but most of the painting is given to blurred atmosphere that helps convey the idea of a train speeding along a modern bridge near London. Although these paintings forecast the innovations of impressionist painters, contemporaries criticized Turners lack of detail. Rain, Steam and Speed - the Great Western Railway (1844). Hulton Archive / Getty Images William Turner died of cholera on December 19, 1851. As one of the most prominent of English artists, he was buried in St. Pauls Cathedral. Legacy William Turner left his fortune to create a charity for impoverished artists. He bequeathed his paintings to the National Gallery of Art. Relatives fought the gift of the artists fortune and won back much of his wealth through the courts. However, the paintings became the permanent property of England through the Turner Bequest. In 1984, the Tate Britain museum created the prestigious Turner Prize art award presented annually to a prominent visual artist to honor William Turners memory. Turners impressionistic renderings of the impact of nature on man reverberated through the art world for more than a century. He not only influenced impressionists like Claude Monet, but also later abstract painters like Mark Rothko. Many art historians believe that much of Turners work was far ahead of his time. Sources Moyle, Franny. Turner: The Extraordinary Life and Momentous Times of J.M.W. Turner. Penguin Press, 2016.Wilton, Andrew. Turner in His Time. Thames and Hudson, 2007.

How information gives competitive advantages Assignment

How information gives competitive advantages - Assignment Example It further provides tools that assist companies to apply the metrics and analytical elements to their information sources and this enables them to recognize the chances for growth and identify ways they can enhance operational efficiency. The three main forms of information systems, which are developed and employed for general usage, include financial, operational and strategic systems where these classifications do not have mutual exclusivity as they constantly intertwine. Financial and operational systems, which are meticulously designed, may develop to become the strategic systems associated with specific organizations. Financial systems can be considered as simple computerizations of processes that involve accounts, budgets and finance in a company (Hopper 27). They are alike and universal in all firms, as computers have demonstrated to be perfect for mechanizing and controlling or financial systems, like personnel operations since head-counting controls and workforce of an organization are significant to financial concerns. Financial systems are supposed to be employed among the bases for the rest of the systems as they provide a universal and controlled assessment of all the operations and projects and have the ability to supply dependable numbers that indicate departmental success. Planning across the company must be linked to financial analysis and there are always greater opportunities in the development of strategic systems when financial systems exist as the needed figured can easily be retrieved. On the other hand, operational systems, which are also considered as service systems, assist in controlling the details associated with the company and these systems are different based on the nature of the enterprise. Typically, they are computer systems needed by operational managers to assist in running of the business based on routing. They are ordinary systems that are valuable in keeping track of inventory among other functions as

In what ways isthe study of intercultural communication theory Essay

In what ways isthe study of intercultural communication theory relevant to international students, or not - Essay Example (Raymond Williams, Key Words, 1983:87) It is important to first understand the concept of intercultural communication and its importance. Intercultural communication in the simplest terms is the exchange of information and ideas across different cultures and various social groups. Since, the world today is portrayed by a huge number of contacts between people often resulting in the communication between people with distinctly different culture backgrounds and linguistics. It is important to overlook the needs of communication, without any misunderstandings and collision across the cultures. The study of intercultural communication is significant for international students as it can help them to understand and recognize the nature of different linguistics, also it will help them to compare the similarities and differences between their and other’s cultures. There are cultures and sub-cultures within a culture. Students staying or thinking to apply to other countries need to develop the importance of understanding of cultures and their languages. Students engage and communicate with other international students to up bring the best of relationships. Intercultural communication is becoming gradually more essential due to the rise of globalization and also with the rise of multi-cultural job environments. Not all students get to receive the positive welcome from the students of other universities. Students often face difficulties while applying aboard, in foreign countries. Thus, in today’s age, students of college level need an education that will provide them with a set of helpful skills such as, â€Å"communication skills† this process will allow the student to compete in an increasingly developing global market with gradually increasing educated population. Social networking sites have played a vital role in promoting and fostering intercultural communication. Young generation use social networking sites for interaction and

Discuss the US immigration problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discuss the US immigration problem - Essay Example Since we already have a great number of illegal workers, it seems to me that the best solution for them is to have equal rights and obligations to those the US citizens have, as well as legalization of their status in the country. I take this position due to the fact that many US industries and manufactures greatly depend on the immigrants’ labor. However, this should be applied only to those who showed to follow our laws and live in peace with the nation, who have jobs, and are to become valued members of our society. Besides, such a step can be taken only after a profound analysis of the current situation is performed. If some are to be deported, this should not negatively influence our economy. On the other hand, I believe, there should be taken measured for complete reducing of the illegal workers’ inflow. In my opinion the government should take care of enforcing the existing land borders as well as immigration laws so that our borders are crossed only legally, and only by people whom our employers really need. Therefore, while I insist on a complete restriction of borders and immigration laws, I believe, those already working in the US must be given a right to stay in order to become the equal members of the

The French government Before 1879 Essay Example for Free

The French government Before 1879 Essay The French government had many problems financially and politically before 1789 that built up over a number of years and a number of monarchs. The problems stemmed from a growing disorder in the finances, aristocratic privileges, new revolutionary philosophies, power struggles, and a weak monarch. Due to lengthy and very costly wars, Louis XIV and Louis XV played a big hand in bankrupting France. The French had suffered big defeats and therefore had lost men and supplies. They also failed to gain any territory. France suffered defeat in the Seven Years War against Britain, had its army crushed by the Prussians and was unsuccessfully involved in the American War in an attempt to seek revenge on Britain. It was not only these extravagant costs of very unsuccessful wars, but Frances whole financial system was extremely inefficient. At the forefront of the system were ministers. During the American War, Jacques Necker was made Director-General of Finance because of his ability to obtain loans for use in paying for the war. Necker did this successfully, but he lied about Frances financial surplus and had everyone believing that France could spend money when, in reality, it was in huge debt, and therefore he allowed Ministers of War to spend non-existent money. Due to this, debts just continued to mount unknowingly to the rest of France, and around fifty percent of income was needed to pay for interests on loans and money spent. Necker was dismissed in 1781 and the politics and efficiency of the French financial system was unstable for years after that, with ministers resigning or being released, and the parlements even being exiled from Paris and government paralysed which led to the reformation of the Estates General that produced the cahiers list of complaints towards the king. The French Government desperately needed to introduce tax reform into its system. The clergy were exempt from all taxes; the nobles paid little tax and all the taxes were placed on the bourgeoisie and peasantry. But only taxing the Third Estate was very inefficient and could not contribute enough to the French Governments budgets. If this were to continue the deficit would only increase, but the Government had three main problems preventing  the introduction of tax reform. Firstly the tax collection system was poorly run and inefficient as the government allowed private companies to collect taxes, and so not all the money was collected or not all of it reached the treasury. Perhaps if the First and Second Estate were taxed, the problem of inefficient tax collection would not have mattered as much. But another problem was that the nobles were determined not to give up their tax privileges. This caused a great problem for the king, who because he was weak, allowed the nobles to influence him in dismissing any ministers, such as Brienne, that were pushing for tax reform. It was not just a case of further increasing the taxes placed on the Third Estate either to help decrease the deficit, as the bourgeoisie and peasants were also disgruntled due to the large amount of taxes that they already had to pay. The peasants increasingly found it almost impossible to pay these taxes, leaving the majority of France in dismay. The French government also faced many political problems, not just within the financial system as relates to the ministers and rising deficit, but the politics of the whole country was being challenged. All sections of French society, particularly the Third Estate, were becoming increasingly unhappy. But in the time leading up to 1789, they discovered that they could actually make a difference and challenge government, as revolutionary mentality began to set in and the Ancien Regime was cracking at its foundations. This happened for a number of reasons. In the late 1780s there was a growth in trade and industry within town life. This new growth led to problems within the Ancien Regime. Business expanded and so prices gradually rose. This did not help the aristocracy whose incomes were fixed, but it was the bourgeoisie who largely profited from this growth and they became wealthier and more powerful. This also made the bourgeoisie view the current tax system more unfavourably as it meant using their money and profit to pay tax that they could be using to expand business. This also backs up that revolutions take place at times when the economy is getting better. There was not just growth in business within the bourgeoisie, but also growth  in ideology. This was sparked by The Enlightenment that was taking place in France as a result of revolutionary thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, who heavily advertised liberality and attacked the government and Church. One thing that they were encouraging was free trade that would have appealed greatly to the bourgeoisie businessmen. As a result of The Enlightenment, the Third Estate were now willing to speak up about their criticism of divine right, the class system, privileges, and the lack of liberal rights, and there were more and more pamphlets being published. But perhaps the biggest political problem in France was its king. In a country where the monarch had absolute power, it needed to be a strong person, but Louis XVI was not a strong person. He was not able to prevent The Enlightenment or the Estates General. He had his people against him, making strong demands that would entirely turn around French politics. After highlighting the financial and political problems facing the French government before 1789, we can see that the problems began with the cost of wars over a number of years, made worse by the misleadings of Jacques Necker, and the inefficient tax system. These long-term financial problems led to the political problems, which also disallowed any tax reform. The bourgeoisie and the peasantry, with the aid of The Enlightenment, criticised the tax system and became less and less able and willing to pay taxes. The nobles did not pay all taxes and so the bourgeoisie resented the privileges of the nobles, but the main link between both financial and political problems is the king. He played part in the mounting deficit, ran an unstable government, and he did not want to annoy the nobility and therefore tax reform could never take place. All these factors combined helped to break down the Ancien Regime and push revolution.

Treatments for Metronidazole-Resistant Giardiasis A Review

Treatments for Metronidazole-Resistant Giardiasis A Review Nicole Wagner Abstract Giardiasis is a protozoal infection and a health issue in many parts of the world for both humans and animals. Giardia spp. Are responsible for diarrheal diseases, and current treatments are not consistently effective due to the development of drug resistance. The common drugs used to treat the parasite often have undesirable side effects. New drugs, drugs previously used for other conditions, and natural remedies are all being investigated for use in treating giardiasis and reducing Giardia numbers. The mode-of-action and potency of these alternative treatments give insight into new therapies, although more research is needed. Introduction Protozoal Giardia spp. Occur in two forms, a motile, flagellated trophozoite, and a resistant cyst. The motile trophozoite adheres to the intestinal wall of its host, while the cyst form is passed in the hosts feces then re-ingested in another host (Hendrix and Robinson 2012). It is now suspected that Giardia is species specific and the human forms are included in the Giardia lamblia assemblage and include Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis (Hendrix and Robinson 2012). Giardiasis is caused by a protozoal parasite that is responsible for health issues worldwide in humans and animals. In humans, the parasite is responsible for approximately 184 million cases of giardiasis each year (Hart et al. 2015). In animals, it has been found that in North America some herds of dairy calves have the parasite in 100% of the animals, and in Australia, the most common enteric parasite of dogs is a species of Giardia (Thompson. 2000). Signs and symptoms of giardiasis include chronic and acute diarrhea and vomiting (Hart et al. 2015). These significant intestinal diseases can decrease appetite, cause malabsorption, malnutrition and even death (El-Taweed 2015). And because this parasite is found in domesticated animals, there is a significant zoonotic transmission potential (Thompson. 2000). A calf can shed 105 to 106 cysts per gram of feces, and re-infection can occur with ingesting as few as 10 cysts. As the Giardia cysts survive well in water there is a potential f or contamination of untreated water supply as well (Thompson 2000 and Watkins and Eckmann 2014). There is no vaccine available for Giardia, so the treatment of the disease involves drug therapy, like the antibiotic metronidazole, a 5-nitroimadazole class drug (Watkins and Eckmann 2014 and Hart et al. 2017). Other drugs of this class are also used to treat giardiasis with varying degrees of success. However, like many antibiotics some drug resistance has been found (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). Several studies demonstrate Giardia spp. resistance to the 5-nitroimadazole class of drugs, including one that recorded 22% of patients in a clinic in Spain receiving treatment for giardiasis did not respond to metronidazole (El-Taweed 2015). Perhaps contributing to the problem of emerging drug resistance, are the undesirable side effects of common antiprotozoal drugs. Some of these side effects include intestinal discomfort, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, and the metallic taste of the drugs (Sahib et al. 2014). It is human nature to stop using a drug with these side effects as soon as it seems to be working, and this leads to the potential for an increase in 5-nitroimidazole drug resistance over time. Also, the use of the 5-nitromadazole class drugs at lower doses for treating gingivitis and pre-surgical colorectal cases, may allow for the growth of drug-resistant forms of Giardia (El-Taweed et al. 2015). Research into how Giardia become resistant to metronidazole and the active components of other successful drugs is important to the success of treating giardiasis in humans and animals. The investigations into different drugs and herbal remedies involve identifying the mode-of-action, how the active component is effectiv e against this protozoan in both trophozoites and cyst form (Galeh et al. 2016). As an alternative to metronidazole, older antibiotic drugs, new antibiotic drugs and plant extracts and essential oils are being considered by many researchers. Newer drugs are being considered to overcome Giardia resistance like auranofin, a drug currently prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis (Watkins and Eckmann 2014.). Researchers are also considering plants and plant extracts for a new anti-giardia agent. These extracts have been used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhea in places in South America, India, Iran, and Turkey where Giardia is endemic (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). Research has been done investigating compounds from garlic (Mikaili et al. 2014), ginger and cinnamon (Mahmoud et al. 2014), pomegranate (Al-Megrin 2017), and native plants from Brazil (Martins et al. 2015), the Yucatan (Sergio et al. 2005) and their effectiveness against Giardia. Identifying the compounds in the plants that are most effective against the protozoa will provide another option for treatment of giardiasis. Drug Therapies As previously mentioned, the number of cases of Metronidazole-resistant giardiasis is growing. Other 5-nitroimadazole and nitro-class drugs have been tested against Giardia like nitazoxanide and furazolidone (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). These drugs work by reducing the nitrogen group on the drug compounds to activate toxic free radicals. The advantages of the new drugs are shorter length of treatment and reduced cellular damage to the liver and kidneys (Jarrad et al 2016). Side effects are seen in the use of these drugs, as in the case of furazolidone, where some hemolysis was observed in some patients (Watkins and Eckmann 2014) and in 5-nitroimadazole drugs side effects like nausea, vomiting and headaches are reported (Jarrad et al. 2016). When developing new drug treatments, researchers investigate how the parasite is developing resistance to current treatments. In the case of 5-nitroimodazole drugs, the potency of a substance against Giardia species is due to the activation of the drug by an enzyme pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR). The drugs nitro group is reduced by the protozoans PFOR enzyme, producing toxic free radicals which bond to target molecules in the microbe, inactivating them and killing the parasite (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). The resistant protozoans have down-regulated the PFOR enzyme (Jarrad et al. 2016 and Galeh et al. 2016). To treat giardiasis, research has focused on this nitro group and the formation of toxic free radicals. Other drugs are being developed that incorporate a benzene ring, instead of (or in addition to) the nitro groups. These drugs act on the Giardia cellular vesicles, causing swelling, and are more effective than nitazoxanide and metronidazole (Watkins and Eckmann 2014) . Not all research has resulted in support for the development of new drugs in the 5-nitromiadazole class. In a study conducted in Iran, researchers tested the theory in human clinical studies, utilizing PCR to identify genetic mutations that appeared in metronidazole-resistant Giardia lamblia. In the metronidazole-resistant G. lamblia, the protozoa did not show down regulation of PFOR and it is suspected that other predisposing factors were responsible for the drugs ineffectiveness(Galeh et al. 2016). Further research is being done to test the new drugs like nitroimidazole and furazolidone for cytotoxicity towards human liver, kidney, and intestinal cells (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). These side effects can be serious in immune-compromised subjects and children. Older antibiotic drugs like albendazole and mebendazole, benzimidazole class drugs, have been shown to be effective against Giardia as well. These drugs are currently used to treat roundworm infections. The benzimidazole class drugs act by binding to tubulin and interfering with the protozoan cytoskeleton (Watkins and Eckmann, 2014). Research into the effectiveness of metronidazole and albendazole in mice showed that some Giardia isolates developed resistance to one or the other drug and in some cases both drugs (Lemà ©e et al. 2000). In the case of albendazole, some Giardia duodenalis resistance developed in a mouse model (Lemà ©e et al. 2000). In another study in Bolivia when albendazole was used to reduce the hookworm infection, the number of Giardia infections increased showing some (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). Drug research of existing drug libraries has also revealed some drugs that previously were not used as antimicrobials are effective against Giardia. A drug used for rheumatoid arthritis, auranofin, inhibits the growth of metronidazole-resistant Giardia. It works by inhibiting the thioredoxin-glutathione reductase enzyme (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). A drug used for obesity treatment, orlistat, which is poorly absorbed, is active in the intestine. Orlistat works by inhibiting lipases in Giardia isolates, preventing lipid metabolism (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). Ginger and Cinnamon Current research into metronidazole-resistant Giardia infections has gone beyond investigating new drugs or existing drug libraries. Diarrheal treatments around the world have shown promise in providing avenues for new giardiasis therapies and treatments. Some of this research involves the investigation into anti-nausea spices, ginger and cinnamon. Research has been conducted using ginger extracts in both in vivo and in vitro studies. In an in vitro study (Abdel-Hafeez et al. 2016), a comparison was made between gingers and nitazoxanides effectiveness against Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Ginger was chosen to contrast with the drug because of its historical use as an anti-nausea and anti-diarrheal treatment. Ginger extract is an antioxidant with alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. It is suspected that either the antioxidant or flavonoids have a negative effect on the trophozoites (Mahmoud et al. 2014). A study investigated curcumin, an antioxidant, also found in Zingiber officinale and other pungent spices (Perrez-Arriaga et al. 2006) showed that in the presence of curcumin at concentrations similar to metronidazole, significant swelling was seen in the Giardia trophozoites, indicating possible cell membrane interference (Perrez-Arriaga et al. 2006). In the research conducted by Abdel-Hafeez et al. (2016), cultured fecal samples treated with ginger extract at 20mg/mL resulted in similar reduction of the number of viable trophozoites in the culture as nitazoxanide. The findings were based on counts of viable trophozoites (pear-shaped, mobile, and non-refractory quality) under a light microscope. Verification of findings may use in vivo studies with mice or rats, and improved counting and staining techniques are indicated for future research. Meanwhile, ginger continues to be used for a variety of intestinal infections in Thailand, India, and Egypt (Abdel-Hafeez et al. 2016). In the in vivo study by Mahmoud, et al (2014)., cinnamon was also evaluated against Giardia trophozoites and cysts. As stated previously, the cyst is found in fecal samples as a transmissible form. The researchers This study involved using Giardia lamblia cyst infected rats and measured doses of ginger at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day and cinnamon at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day. As Perrez-Arriaga et al. (2006) previously researched, active compounds in ginger may affect the protozoans cell membrane. In another study, Proanthocyanidins were identified as an active compound in cinnamon (Williams et al. 2015). Proanthocyanidins, also found in berries, disrupt protozoans adhesive ability which is necessary for the trophozoite to maintain its position in the intestine (Anthony et al. 2007). In the Mahmoud study (2014) the rats were euthanized and their intestines washed for a measurement of trophozoites and to determine intestinal damage (Anthony et al. 2007). Their stools were also collected for three day s prior to euthanasia to perform a count of cysts excreted (Mahmoud et al. 2014). According to the results of this study, cinnamon given to the rats at the 20 mg/kg dose resulted in a 100% reduction in the number of cysts found in their fecals, and a 34% reduction in the number of trophozoites. When rats were given a dose of 20mg/kg of ginger the number of cysts found in their stool was reduced by 90.1% and the number of trophozoites in the intestinal wash was reduced by 75.45%. So, the cinnamon was more active against cysts and the ginger was more active against the trophozoites in the rats (Mahmoud et al. 2014). The study also utilized electron microscopy to count and identify Giardia cysts and trophozoites. By utilizing this technology, and the researchers were able to show that not only was the infection reduced with cinnamon, but the intestinal mucosa was healthier in the samples taken as compared to the ginger-dosed rats (Mahmoud et al. 2014). This study, however did not utili ze a positive control group to measure the difference (if any) between using ginger and cinnamon extracts compared with using metronidazole or other drug treatment for giardiasis. Additional research may determine whether the intestinal mucosa would improve, with the drug treatment as occurred in the study with cinnamon and ginger (Mahmoud et al. 2014). Garlic and Shallot One of the most promising and researched herbal extract is allicin, a component of plants in the garlic and onion family. Garlic and shallot plants have been used in traditional medicine in various parts of the world for hundreds of years (Mikaili et al. 2013). Sulfur-based components like allicin (diallyl dithiosulfinate), diallyl disulfide, and S-allylcystein of these plants are of interest to research for use in pharmacological studies (Mikaili et al. 2013). In an in vitro study investigating whole garlic extract (Harris et al. 2000), garlic was shown to be effective against Giardia intestinalis at a concentration of 0.3mg/mL. The researchers went on to examine how the compounds in garlic were acting on the Giardia and whether allicin was the compound of interest. Allicin has a very short half-life in vivo, but the thiosulfates that result from its breakdown are bioavailable longer to act against Giardia trophozoites (Harris et al. 2000). In this study the researchers investigated the anti-parasitic activity of these compounds, and they showed that diallyl disulphide was particularly effective in reducing the number of trophozoites. Another component, allyl alcohol, damaged the trophozoites by causing cellular swelling and immobility (Harris et al. 2000). In another study focusing on diallyl trisulfide (DAT) from garlic, a concentration of 300 ug/mL was effective against Giardia lamblia (Lun et al. 1994). The researchers used an in vitro test to determine the IC50 for DAT, and the result was 8.5-14 ug/mL, using the same tests that determined the IC50 of metronidazole. The use of DAT in China for treatment of other parasitic infections is not uncommon (Lun et al. 1994), but it will be necessary to determine how DAT is effective against the parasite in vivo in future research. One avenue that research may pursue is in studying how DAT affects tubulin (Hosono et al. 2005), which would indicate that this substance has a similar effect as the benzimidazole drugs like albendazole. Further research into obtaining effective concentrations of these components of garlic and onions is necessary. Herbal Extracts Other herbal extracts have been investigated for their biologically active components and effectiveness as a treatment for giardiasis. Three of these show promise in recent studies. Peppermint (Mentha x piperta L.) is used as an herbal remedy for stomach discomfort (Vidal et al. 2007). Dill is also used in some areas of the world to treat children with diarrhea (Sahib et al. 2014). Pomegranate peel contains some substances that prove active against Giardia (Al-Megrin 2016). Mentha x piperta (peppermint) is known to have a relaxation effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and this is suspected to be the result of the menthol affecting calcium channels (Kiefer et al. 2008). In one study methanolic extract from Mentha x piperta was tested against Giardia lamblia (Vidal et al. 2007). This study measures IC50, which is the calculation of the amount of a substance necessary to inhibit or kill one-half of the microbes. The IC50 after 48 hours of exposure was 0.8 ug/mL, similar to the IC50 of metronidazole and furazalidone after 24 hours (Vidal et al. 2007). The study tested different concentrations of the dichloromethane (DCM) from Mentha x piperta and found that a dose of 100 ug/mL after 48 hours almost eliminated the presence of trophozoites in the culture media (Vidal et al. 2007). The study also examined how DCM was altering the morphology of trophozoites utilizing electron microscopy, and found changes to plasma membranes (Vidal et al. 2007). This sugg ests the need for further research into why the protozoal membranes were altered, what biologically active components of peppermint were involved, and whether this alteration would also affect intestinal cells in mammals (measuring potential toxicity). In a study that researched the extracts from the Dill plant (Anethum graveolens), researchers conducted a clinical trial with children Giardia trophozoites and cysts, or if the dill acted on the muscle cells in the intestine, reducing smooth muscle contraction. Further research needs to be conducted into these issues. Pomegranate peel extract was also tested for anti-Giardia activity in another study (Al-Megrin 2016). Researchers studied mice that were infected with the Giardia cysts, and given an extract of pomegranate peel daily. Then the number of cysts produced in the mouse stool and the antigen presence for Giardia were counted and measured respectively. There was a reduction in the number of cysts counted in the groups of mice that had received the pomegranate, however there was also a natural reduction in the number of cysts in the studys control group (Al-Megrin 2016). The researchers also reported that the rate of detection of the Giardia antigen in the groups that were treated was significantly (P Native Plants Ethnopharmacology is becoming one method for identifying plant-based sources for new pharmacological treatments. Ethnopharmacology studies involve interviewing people who are native to specific areas to identify historical and current plant species used to treat disease. In the case of Giardia treatment, researchers identified diarrhea as the key symptom in 90% of human cases (Neiva et al. 2014). Although people reporting to clinics or hospitals with diarrhea did not necessarily identify causative agents, in some cases they were self-treating with plants from the area or from their own gardens (Neiva, et al. 2014). The identification of plants used by people suffering from diarrhea allowed researchers to focus on specific plant species in anti-giardiasis studies. In one study by Neiva et al. (2014) the researchers focused on an area around Sao Luis, Brazil. From interviewing and collecting plant samples that people were using to treat diarrhea and dysentery symptoms, the researchers identified five potential plants to test for anti-Giardia effectiveness. The researchers also identified the part of the plants and the preparation of the plants used for treatment of diarrhea by these patients of a healthcare facility and private specialty institution (Neiva et al. 2014). The five species of plants selected to investigate were Anacardium occidentale L., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Passiflora edulis Sims., Psiddiumguajava L., and Stachytarpheta cayennesis (Rich) Vahl. (Neiva et al. 2014). It was found that all the plants had some giardicidal activity, but Passiflora was most effective at IC50 In another similar ethnopharmacology study, researchers investigated plants native to the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico that were used to treat diarrhea (Paraza-Sanchez et al. 2005). This study was conducted in vitro using 10 methanol extracts from native plants. In this study Tridax procumens as a whole plant was used (air-dried and powdered into methanol, then evaporated, and added to DMSO) (Paraza-Sanchez et al. 2005). The researchers identified from other studies that the plant contains hydrocarbons, fatty acids, flavonoids, bis-bithiophene. Flavonoids may contain polyphenols and inhibit Giardia from adhering to the intestinal wall (Anthony et al. 2007) In other plants tested, C. dentata, D. cahagenesis, and B. cressifolia have not had their chemical components analyzed, although they all had giardicidal activity (Paraza-Sanchez et al. 2005). It is unknown at this time why these native plants are effective against Giardia spp. (Paraza-Sanchez et al. 2005). Research has been conducted on the Rubus liebmanii medicinal plant native to Mexico. The antiprotozoal active compounds were identified as epicatechin and catechin (polyphenols), Nigaichigoside F1, beta-sitosterol, squalene, and 3,4 hydroxybenzoic acid (Jimà ©nez-Arellanes et al. 2012). In this study, extracts from the plant were fractionated to identify specific compounds, an extract of R. liebomanii was tested against G. lamblia with a negative control and a metronidazole infused positive control, and the research continued using guinea pigs and mice as test subjects. The results indicated that the Nigaichigoside F1 had an IC50 of 2.17 ug/mL as compared with metronidazole which had an IC50 of 0.5 ug/mL in cultures of G. lamblia (Jimà ©nez-Arellanes et al. 2012). When the potential toxicity of the plant was tested in male rats, the pure extract of R. liebmanii was not toxic, even at 1000mg/kg dosages (Jimà ©nez-Arellanes et al. 2012). Further research into these plants may involv e identifying how the active components are working against the protozoans and identify more effective treatments, which will need to be tested in vivo. Solanum lycoparum is also a native plant of Brazil. In research published in 2015 (Gilmarcio et al. 2015), this native species was investigated for its anti-Giardia potential. The fruit of this plant is used in traditional medicine (Gilmarcio et al. 2015). Two glycoalkaloids, solamargin (Sg) and solasonine (Sn) have been identified as having potential as anti-Giardia treatments (Gilmarcio et al. 2015). Both compounds were effective against Giardia lamblia, with Sg having an IC50 of 120.3 ug/mL and Sn having an IC50 of 103.7 ug/mL. However, when both compounds were mixed as they would be in the fruit of S. lycoparum, their IC50 was 13.23 ug/mL, much lower (Gilmarcio et al. 2015). This demonstrates a synergistic effect of the compounds. The researchers also used an index of selectivity calculation to measure effectiveness of the compound as compared to toxicity against macrophages, and the combined glycoalkaloids had a relatively high index (Gilmarcio et al. 2015). This index was neces sary because glycoalkaloids can be toxic. In vitro studies of the combined Sn+Sg treatment would provide additional research opportunities and determine the toxic effects of the glycoalkaloid while treating Giardia lamblia. Glycoalkaloids affect permeability of mammalian intestinal cells (Gee et al. 1996), however the glycoalkaloids found and studied from the S. lycoparum are not the most toxic. It is likely; however, no research could be found in the current literature searches, that the effect of glycoalkaloids on the Giardia trophozoites cell membrane did cause cellular swelling and changes to the vesicles and flagella. Essential Oils Clove oil, an essential oil from Syzgium aromaticum, has been used to treat digestive disorders and diarrhea (Machado et al. 2011). Research into essential oils has shown they are effective against many bacterial and fungal infections, but little research has been done to discover how the oil works (Machado et al. 2011). Eugenol is a major of several essential oils including S. aromaticum, and in this research the eugenol comprised 85% of the essential oil tested (Machado et al. 2011).In a study testing the effect of clove oil and eugenol on Giardia lamblia it was shown that S. aromaticum had an IC50 value of 134 ug/mL and eugenol had an IC50 value of 101 ug/mL (Machado et al. 2011). The study also utilized scanning and transmission electron microscopy to measure morphological changes in the Giardia that were incubated with the S. aromaticum essential oil. It was observed that the adherence of the Giardia was inhibited in the presence of eugenol (Machado et al. 2011). Giardia normall y attach to the intestinal wall to maintain position, obtain nutrients, and reproduce. The essential oil contained eugenol, and although it affected adherence, it did not cause the Giardia trophozoites to lyse, so the results in this study indicated that other components of the S. aromaticum oil were responsible for the cell death (Machado et al. 2011). Other essential oils are used to treat digestive issues. One, from Ocimum basilicum of the basil family, was studied for its anti-Giardia effects (de Almeida et al. 2007). In this study the researchers again isolated components of the essential oil and tested for antigiardial activity (de Almeida et al. 2007). This study also investigated eugenol as one of those components, and found the eugenol was effective against the Giardia trophozoites (de Almeida et al. 2007). The study included testing the linalool, which makes up 69.33% of the essential oil in addition to eugenol. Linalool was shown to be even more effective at reducing the number of viable Giardia lamblia trophozoites (de Almeida et al. 2007). To verify potential toxicity of the essential oil and its components, the researchers tested mouse macrophages in the same concentrations of Ocimum basilicum, eugenol and linalool and found that there was little to no effect on the cells (de Almeida et al. 2007). The researchers also identified an inhibitory effect of the oil and it components to a group of cysteine peptidases enzymes that are commonly found in these protozoans (de Almeida et al. 2007). The inhibition of cysteine peptidases has been shown to have a lethal effect on trophozoites of another protozoal species, Entamoeba histolytica (Ankri et al. 1997). Ozone In an interesting study (Boland-Nazar et al. 2016), olive oil injected with ozone was tested as a treatment for giardiasis. In an in vitro study, the tubes of Giardia were combined with different concentrations of ozonated olive oil, and this proved effective against Giardia cysts after 100 hours of incubation (Boland-Nazar et al. 2016). It is suspected by the researchers that the extra oxygen atom acts a free radical, like the immunological response of macrophages and neutrophils (Boland-Nazar et al. 2016). Olive oil is effective at stabilizing a delivery system for ozone without losing its durability (Boland-Nazar et al. 2016), and the higher the concentration of ozone in the oil, the more effective the treatment is against Giardia cysts. The researchers suggest conducting an in vivo study with this substance to verify their hypothesis (Boland-Nazar et al. 2016). Discussion Research into treating giardiasis will continue as standard treatments like metronidazole go up against greater drug resistance. The mode of action of different therapies has been investigated and includes inhibiting PFOR, cysteine proteinases, inhibiting adherence (Anthony et al. 2007), tubulin and cytoskeleton interference, and cell membrane interference. Table 1 shows some of the different treatments dosage requirements and active compounds. The 5nitroimadazole drugs are the most commonly prescribed treatments for giardiasis world-wide. New drugs are being developed from within this class, altering the nitro-group or adding benzene rings to the molecules to improve effectiveness considering growing metronidazole resistance (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). Other drugs that have been prescribed for anti-parasitic treatment or other purposes entirely are also being investigated. This includes anthelminthic drugs as well as drugs that were initially developed to treat obesity and rheumatoid arthritis (Watkins and Eckmann 2014). Finally, herbal, spice, and plant-based extracts are being investigated for their antiprotozoal activity. Although Table1 does not show an IC50 for each of the compounds discussed in this paper, it does highlight the active components. Table 1: Effectiveness of different substances in inhibiting Giardia IC50 Active compound Reference Metronidazole 0.8 ug/mL 5-nitroimadazole Jarrad et al. 2016, Watkins and Eckmann, 2014, Vidal et al 2007 Albendazole 52.4 ug/mL Benzimidazole Jarrad et al. 2016, Watkins and Eckmann, 2014, Lemee et al. 2000 Furazolidone 0.65 ug/mL 5-nitrofurans Jarrad et al. 2016, Watkins and Eckmann, 2014, Vidal et al 2007 Garlic 14 ug/mL Diallyl trisulfide Lun